Profit Margin

How to Calculate Profit Margin?

A profit margin is defined as a financial ratio that divides a profitability metric belonging to a company by its revenue in the corresponding period.

In practice, various types of profitability metrics are utilized to measure the operating performance of a company, rather than reliance on solely one profit margin ratio.

Each type of profit margin serves a distinct purpose and when used in conjunction with the others, a far more comprehensive understanding of the underlying company can be obtained.

The chart below lists the most common profit margins used for assessing companies.

Profit Margin Formula

For practically all profit margins, the general “plug-in” formula is as follows.

Typically, profit margins are denoted in percentage form, so the figure must be multiplied by 100.

What are the Different Types of Profit Margins?

The operating income (or “EBIT”) represents the line on the income statement that splits core, ongoing business operations from non-operational line items.

Financing activities like interest on debt obligations are categorized as a non-operating expense because decisions on how to finance a company are discretionary to management (i.e. the decision to fund using debt or equity).

For comparative purposes, EBIT and EBITDA are used most frequently due to how the company’s operational performance is portrayed – while remaining independent of capital structure and taxes.

Profit margins that are independent of discretionary decisions such as the capital structure and taxes (i.e. jurisdiction-dependent) are most useful for peer comparisons.

When it comes to company-to-company comparisons, isolating the core operations of each company is important – otherwise, the values would be skewed by non-core, discretionary items.

In contrast, profitability metrics that are below the operating income line (i.e. post-levered) have adjusted EBIT for non-operating income/(expenses), which are classified as discretionary and non-core to the company’s operations.

An example is the net profit margin, since non-operating income/(expenses), interest expense, and taxes are all factored into the metric. Unlike the operating margin and EBITDA margin, the net profit margin is directly impacted by how the company is financed and the applicable tax rate.

What is the Difference Between Operating Margin vs. EBITDA Margin?

For purposes of comparison among different comparable companies, the two most commonly used profit margins are:

1. Operating Margin = EBIT ÷ Revenue
2. EBITDA Margin = EBITDA ÷ Revenue

The notable difference between the two is that EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that adds back non-cash expenses (e.g. D&A).

In particular, depreciation and amortization represent non-cash accounting conventions used to match CapEx spend with the corresponding revenue generated under the matching principle.

Besides D&A, EBITDA can also be adjusted for stock-based compensation as well as other non-recurring charges. The adjustments are done to remove the effects of non-cash expenses and non-recurring, one-time items.

What is the Average Profit Margin by Industry?

Determining whether a company’s profit margin is “good” or “bad” depends on the industry in question.

Hence, comparisons among companies operating in different industries are not recommended and are likely to lead to misleading conclusions.

To provide some brief examples, software companies are well-known for exhibiting high gross margins, yet sales & marketing expenses often cut into their profitability significantly.

On the other hand, retail and wholesale stores have low gross margins due to most of their expenses being related to:

• Direct Labor
• Direct Material (i.e. Inventory)

For those looking for a more detailed breakdown of the gross margin, operating margin, EBITDA margin, and net margin metrics for different industries, NYU Professor Damodaran has a useful resource that tracks the various average profit margins by sector:

Damodaran – Margins by Sector (U.S.)

Salesforce (CRM) Software Calculation Analysis Example

As a real-life example, we’ll look at the margin profile of Salesforce (NYSE: CRM), a cloud-based platform oriented around customer relationship management (CRM) and related applications.

In the fiscal year 2021, Salesforce had the following financials:

• Revenue: $21.3bn
• COGS: $5.4bn
• OpEx: $15.4bn

Given those data points, Salesforce’s gross profit is $15.8bn whereas its operating income (EBIT) is $455m.

Of the core operating costs – i.e. COGS + OpEx – the corresponding % of revenue amounts were:

• COGS % Revenue: 25.6%
• OpEx % Revenue: 72.3%

Furthermore, the gross and operating margins of Salesforce in 2021 were:

• Gross Margin: 74.4%
• Operating Margin: 2.1%

As mentioned earlier, Salesforce is an example of a software company with high gross margins but with substantial operating costs, especially for sales & marketing.

^{Salesforce Cost of Revenue and Operating Expenses (Source: 2021 10-K)}

Walmart (WMT) Retail Chain Calculation Analysis Example

Next, we’ll look at Walmart (NYSE: WMT) as a retail industry example, which we’ll contrast against our prior software industry example.

For the fiscal year 2021, Walmart had the following financial data:

• Revenue: $559.2 bn
• COGS: $420.3 bn
• OpEx: $116.3bn

Therefore, Walmart’s gross profit is $138.8bn while its operating income (EBIT) is $22.5bn.

Just like we did for Salesforce, the operating cost breakdown (i.e. % of revenue) is as follows:

• COGS % Revenue: 75.2%
• OpEx % Revenue: 27.7%

Furthermore, the margins of Walmart were:

• Gross Margin: 24.8%
• Operating Margin: 4.0%

From our retail example, we can see how inventory and direct labor comprised the majority of Walmart’s total core expenses.

^{Walmart Cost of Sales and Operating Expenses (Source: 2021 10-K)}

Profit Margin Calculator

We’ll now move to a modeling exercise, which you can access by filling out the form below.

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Step 1. Income Statement Operating Assumptions

Suppose we have a company with the following last twelve months (LTM) financials.

Income Statement, 2021A:

• Revenue = $100 million
• COGS = $40 million
• SG&A = $20 million
• D&A = $10 million
• Interest = $5 million
• Tax Rate = 20%

Step 2. Profitability Metrics Calculation

Using those assumptions, we can calculate the profit metrics that will be part of our margin calculations.

• Gross Profit = $100 million – $40 million = $60 million
• EBITDA = $60 million – $20 million = $40 million
• EBIT = $40 million – $10 million = $30 million
• Pre-Tax Income = $30 million – $5 million = $25 million
• Net Income = $25 million – ($25 million * 20%) = $20 million

Step 3. Profit Margin Calculation and Ratio Analysis

If we divide each metric by revenue, we arrive at the following profit margins for our company’s LTM performance.

• Gross Profit Margin = $60 million ÷ $100 million = 60%
• EBITDA Margin = $40 million ÷ $100 million = 40%
• Operating Margin = $30 million ÷ $100 million = 30%
• Net Profit Margin = $20 million ÷ $100 million = 20%